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Robin Newhouse
Doctor of Philosophy in Physics (PhD)
Research Topic
Searching for evidence of Heavy Neutral Leptons in the LHC with the ATLAS Experiment
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Dissertations completed in 2010 or later are listed below. Please note that there is a 6-12 month delay to add the latest dissertations.
The Standard Model of particle physics is a powerful theory of nature, yet it does not account for all physical observations. Notably, the nonzero masses of the three neutrino flavours and their transformations into one another suggest the need for an extension of the Standard Model. One such extension postulates the existence of Heavy Neutral Leptons (HNLs, ?) — right-handed neutrino states that do not interact with other particles except through mixing with Standard Model neutrinos. HNLs may generate light neutrino masses through the so-called “seesaw mechanism.”This dissertation presents a direct search for long-lived HNLs using 139 fb⁻¹ of √s=13 TeV pp collision data collected by the ATLAS detector at the Large Hadron Collider. In this search, the ? is produced via W → ? μ or W → ? e and decays into a neutrino and two charged leptons, which form a displaced vertex in the inner detector. No signal is observed, and limits are set on the squared mixing angles of the ? with the Standard Model neutrinos in the mass range 3 GeV
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This dissertation presents a search for long-lived heavy neutral leptons (HNLs) in proton-proton collisions at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). The Standard Model (SM) of particle physics is an extremely successful theory and many of its major predictions have been precisely confirmed. However, the existence of neutrinos, with small nonzero masses, suggests that the SM is incomplete. Introducing HNLs into the SM is a natural way to generate the light neutrino masses through a seesaw mechanism. Theories that postulate the existence of such particles can also explain the asymmetry between matter and anti-matter in our universe and models with at least three HNLs provide a dark matter candidate. This experimental search uses ATLAS data collected between 2015 and 2018 at a centre-of-mass energy of 13 TeV. A non-standard technique is used to search for a displaced vertex from particle trajectories produced in the HNL decay to leptons. The dominant background from uncorrelated leptons crossing in the ATLAS detector is estimated using an object shuffling method. The reconstructed HNL mass is used to discriminate between signal and background. No excess of events is observed and constraints on the strength of the interactions between HNLs and neutrinos are imposed in various scenarios.This dissertation also presents new methods to study the readout system and performance of a silicon strip tracking detector. The LHC is currently undergoing upgrades that will enable it to produce more than ten times the data that has already been collected. To meet the requirements of this challenging new environment, an all-silicon particle tracking system will be installed in ATLAS.
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The Standard Model (SM) has been hugely successful at explaining our natural world at the smallest scales, including the fundamental particles and forces. However, experimental evidence, such as dark matter and baryon asymmetry point to the SM as being an incomplete model. One such candidate to extend the SM are hidden sectors, in which long-lived particles could be the missing link between the SM and a group of hidden particles. Firstly, work on performance expectations of the upgrade to the ATLAS Inner Detector to enable data taking for the next decade will be presented, showing increases in reconstruction efficiency at high momentum and particle density compared to the current detector. Then, a search for hidden sector particles in 2016 ATLAS data, totalling 33.0 fb⁻¹ from LHC proton-proton collisions at center-of-mass energy of 13 TeV, will be discussed. This search focuses on long-lived particles decaying back to SM particles in the ATLAS calorimeters. No significant excess was found, and limits were set on cross section times branching fraction as a function of proper decay length. For the 125 GeV mediator, a few cm to a few m are excluded, assuming a branching fraction of 10%. For higher mass mediators, up to 1 TeV, cross section times branching fraction of 0.1 pb are typically excluded between a few cm to a few m. Finally, a search for these same long-lived hidden sector particles was also performed for the full Run 2 ATLAS dataset, totalling 139.0 fb⁻¹. Novel machine learning techniques were used, such as an adversarial neural network which greatly reduced the impact of simulation mis-modelling. No significant excess was found, and for a 125 GeV Higgs Boson mediator, assuming a 10% branching ratio to long-lived particles, proper decay lengths between about 1 cm and a few tens of meters are excluded, improving 2016 results by about an order of magnitude. For higher mass mediators, cross section times branching fraction of 0.1 pb can be excluded for a proper decay length between 1 cm to a few tens of meters, improving 2016 limits by a factor of 2-3 depending on the model.
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The standard model of particle physics (SM) describes all the fundamental particles and their interactions. It is a very successful theory; however, many experimental observations - such as the origin of neutrino mass, particle origin of dark matter, e.t.c. - are either not consistent or not explained by the SM. So, it is inevitable that there has to be a (physics) model beyond the SM which will consistently explain all these observations, not covered by the SM. Several of such extensions predict new heavy particles that can interact with SM particles. This dissertation presents searches for the resonant production of such high-mass particles in dielectron and top-antitop final states. These searches use proton-proton collision data at the center-of-mass energy of 13 TeV collected by the ATLAS detector at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) between 2015 and 2018. Electrons are stable and easy to reconstruct, but top-quarks decay instantaneously. Two dominant top-decay final states, all-hadronic and semi-leptonic, are studied in this dissertation. The combined mass distributions of all the final-state particles are used to perform model-dependent and model-independent statistical searches. No evidence for the existence of new particles is found in any of the explored final states. Hence, upper limits on production cross-section times branching ratio and lower limits on the mass of heavy Z' particles, predicted by the BSM models, are placed at a 95% confidence level. The dilepton resonance search excludes Z' boson below 3.6 TeV. The resonance search in the boosted all-hadronic top-antitop final state excludes Z' bosons with a mass lower than 4.1 TeV. Whereas in the semi-leptonic search, the same signal is expected to be excluded up to 3.6 TeV.The dissertation also presents a new algorithm for splitting the merged charge clusters in the ATLAS pixel detector, based on a Mixture Density Network (MDN). The performance of this new algorithm is found to be better than the existing algorithm. As a result, the MDN-based algorithm is expected to be used as a default algorithm in ATLAS during the next data collection period, which will start in 2022.
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The precise understanding of elementary particle properties and theory parameters predicted by the Standard Model of Particle Physics (SM) as well as the revelation of new physics phenomena beyond the scope of that successful theory are at the heart of modern fundamental particle physics research. The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) and modern particle detectors provide the key to probing nature at energy scales never achieved in an experimental controlled setup before. The assumption that the SM describes nature only up to a certain energy scale Λ can be relaxed if new particles are present. This helps in particular with the so called "fine-tuning" problem which requires large corrections -- in the SM -- to the bare mass of the Higgs boson in order to be consistent with the observed mass. A possible solution to this problem is the existence of partner particles of the heaviest known fundamental particle, the top-quark. The new partner particles are expected to be up to ten times heavier. Popular examples of theories predicting heavier top-quark partners are supersymmetric theories and theories that add an additional quark sector to the SM which might be a result of an additional spontaneously broken global symmetry. This dissertation documents two searches for heavy top-quark partners, namely vector-like quarks (VLQs), based on the proton proton pp collision data collected in 2015 and 2016, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 36.1 fb-¹ at a center of mass energy of 13 TeV. It also elaborates on the work that contributed to a successful data taking campaign related to the alignment of the inner most part of the ATLAS detector with emphasis on the identification and mitigation of track parameter biases.No signs for VLQs were found. The strongest lower mass limits on the pair-produced VLQs decaying into W bosons and top- or bottom-quarks are set to 1.35 TeV at the 95% Confidence Interval exceeding the one TeV scale for the first time. In addition, the analyses were re-interpreted for other expected VLQ decay signatures.
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Theses completed in 2010 or later are listed below. Please note that there is a 6-12 month delay to add the latest theses.
The Standard Model (SM) is a theory that describes the fundamental particles of our universe and their interactions. However, despite its incredible success, there is still an array of phenomena that the SM fails to explain, instigating the search for new physics that could confirm theories Beyond the Standard Model (BSM). One particle that often plays a special role in many of these BSM theories is the heaviest known fundamental particle: the top quark. Reconstruction of top quarks produced in high energy particle collisions — such as those of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) — to the best possible resolution is therefore crucial; from improved mass resolutions for bump hunting to more diagonal unfolding matrices for differential cross-section measurements, such improvements will enhance our sensitivity to BSM effects in both precision measurements and searches for new physics.This thesis presents a newly designed deep neural network (TRecNet) for the ATLAS experiment that infers the four-vectors of the top and anti-top quarks from detector-level decay products in the semi-leptonic decay channel of top anti-top pair production. The performance of TRecNet and several slight variations of the network are compared to traditional top reconstruction algorithms that are based on kinematic constraints and likelihood fits. The neural networks are shown to consistently improve upon the reconstruction precision in comparison to the likelihood-based methods, in addition to obtaining this improved precision more efficiently.
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Since 2012, the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) has not found any deviation from the Standard Model (SM) to be statistically significant, although it has been collecting a huge amount of data. This motivates us to use the framework of Effective Field Theories (EFTs) to perform model-independent searches to characterize all the deviations from SM predictions systematically, order by order, in an EFT expansion. Top physics is one such area of interest as it is highly prone to Beyond the Standard Model (BSM) effects, and the LHC is reaching a precision era with tops. In this thesis, we first generate ATLAS-wide common Monte Carlo (MC) EFT samples for our analysis but also to be used by the collaboration for global EFT combinations across Electroweak, Higgs and Top physics. In our analysis here, we reinterpret the top-pair production differential cross-section measurements to constrain the coefficients of dimension-6 operators. Specifically, we use the differential cross sections data for top-quark pair production in pp collisions, measured at √s = 13 TeV with the ATLAS detector at the LHC using an integrated luminosity of 139fb⁻¹, to constrain fourteen four-quark operators and three bosonic operators affecting the top-gluon and gluon-gluon interactions at the particle level. All limits are in accordance with SM predictions and are found to be more stringent than the known theory bounds.
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Projection studies for the non-resonant Higgs boson pair production in the 4 b-jet final state with the ATLAS detector at the HL-LHC are presented. They are based on extrapolated results of the latest Run 2 analysis which targeted both the gluon-gluon fusion and vector-boson fusion Higgs boson pair production modes and exploited 126 fb⁻¹ of √s = 13 TeV data. The projection assumes an integrated luminosity of 3000 fb⁻¹ for HL-LHC proton-proton collisions at √s = 14 TeV. Various systematic uncertainty scenarios are explored. With (without) systematic uncertainties, the discovery significance of the Standard Model Higgs boson pair production is found to be 1.0σ (1.8σ), while the 95% confidence-level upper limit on the HH signal strength is set at 2.0 (1.1). The allowed 68% confidence-interval for the HHH coupling modifier κ? is found to be [−0.5, 6.1] ([0.1, 2.6]), while the allowed 68% confidence-interval for the HHVV coupling modifier κ2V is [0.7, 1.4] ([0.7.1.3]).
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With the mass of the discovered Higgs-like boson being 125 GeV, this leads to a primary Higgs decay mode to two bottom (b) jets. A precise measurement of top-pair (tt̄) production in conjunction with two additional b-jets is essential to reduce the background uncertainty on the tt̄ + Higgs production cross-section, a direct probe of the Higgs to Yukawa coupling. This thesis attempts to improve on the statistical sensitivity of tt̄ production in conjunction with two additional heavy-flavour jets, using expected sensitivities from 20.3 fb-¹ of pp collision data at √s = 8TeV, collected by the ATLAS detector at the Large Hadron Collider in 2012. This thesis compares multiple multivariate analysis techniques, boosted decision trees and artificial neural networks, in both binary and multi-class classification cases. An overall improvement in precision was seen, from 19.7% uncertainty on the baseline tt̄ + bb̄ measurement based on a fit to the best single variable, to 16.1% uncertainty with the very best multi-class neural network algorithm. This represents a relative improvement of nearly 20% and could thus reduce luminosity needed for a precision measurement of this process.
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