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James Enns
Professor
Research Classification
Research Interests
attention
action kinematics
social perception
perceptual development
Relevant Thesis-Based Degree Programs
Affiliations to Research Centres, Institutes & Clusters
Biography
Raised with 6 siblings on a mixed berry-dairy farm in Abbotsford BC, I attended colleges in Kansas and Winnipeg, before receiving my MA and PhD from Princeton University. My first Assistant Professor position was with Dalhousie University and then UBC, where I was eventually promoted to Full Professor and Distinguished University Scholar. I was honoured with nomination to Fellowship in the Royal Society of Canada in 2002 and was awarded the DO Hebb Award for Distinguished Research Contributions in 2013. My research has centred on the role of selective attention in vision, using behavioural methods in the lab and in life, eye and limb tracking, and studying neurotypical adults and children, elite athletes, musicians, and persons on the autism spectrum.
Research Methodology
psychophysics
eye, limb, body tracking
physiological monitoring
user experience
Graduate Student Supervision
Doctoral Student Supervision
Dissertations completed in 2010 or later are listed below. Please note that there is a 6-12 month delay to add the latest dissertations.
Executive function use during exercise predicts performance on laboratory measures of executive functioning (2021)
This dissertation explores the hypothesis that cognitive engagement is an important predictor of the relationship between exercise and executive functioning. Chapter 1 introduces the background claim that exercise benefits executive functioning. This includes reviewing the relationship between exercise and improvements in executive functioning via changes in cerebral blood flow and neuroplasticity. The exercise-executive function relationship is also reviewed via literature on exercise history, duration, intensity, and type. This review concludes by introducing the primary hypothesis of this dissertation, namely, that cognitively-engaging exercise should predict better executive functioning. Chapter 2 tested this hypothesis through an empirical study (N = 145) of undergraduates who self-reported their executive function use during exercise, and then completed executive function tasks (i.e., flanker and backward span). Students reporting engagement in exercise that relied on inhibitory control were found to perform better on a flanker task, and students reporting engagement in exercise that relied on cognitive flexibility performed better on a backward span task. Chapter 3 recruited an independent sample of undergraduates (N = 228) and had them complete different executive function tasks (i.e., stop-signal and trail making B). The main finding was that when students reported engaging in exercise that relied on inhibitory control they had faster stop-signal reaction time and made fewer trail making errors, and when they reported engaging in exercise that relied on cognitive flexibility they had slower stop-signal reaction time and trail making completion time. Chapter 4 recruited a more diverse sample of participants (e.g., older, more males; N = 225) and had them complete the same executive function tasks as chapter 2. The main finding was that correlations now ran in opposite directions. When individuals engaged in exercise that relied on inhibitory control, they performed worse on a flanker task, and when they engaged in exercise that relied on cognitive flexibility, they performed worse on a backward span task. Chapter 5 summarizes these findings and speculates that cognitively-engaging exercise may predict better or worse executive functioning depending on the underlying motivation and context driving one to exercise, as well as discussing the potential role of leisure activity.
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The Social is Predictive: Human Sensitivity to Attention Control in Action Prediction (2016)
Observing others is predicting others. Humans have a natural tendency to make predictions about other people’s future behavior. This predisposition sits at the basis of social cognition: others become accessible to us because we are able to simulate their internal states, and in this way make predictions about their future behavior (Blakemore & Decety, 2001). In this thesis, I examine prediction in the social realm through three main contributions. The first contribution is of a theoretical nature, the second is methodological, and the third contribution is empirical. On the theoretical plane, I present a new framework for cooperative social interactions – the predictive joint-action model, which extends previous models of social interaction (Wolpert, Doya, & Kawato, 2003) to include the higher level goals of joint action and planning (Vesper, Butterfill, Knoblich, & Sebanz, 2010). Action prediction is central to joint-action. A recent theory proposes that social awareness to someone else’s attentional states underlies our ability to predict their future actions (Graziano, 2013). In the methodological realm, I developed a procedure for investigating the role of sensitivity to other’s attention control states in action prediction. This method offers a way to test the hypothesis that humans are sensitive to whether someone’s spatial attention was endogenously controlled (as in the case of choosing to attend towards a particular event) or exogenously controlled (as in the case of attention being prompted by an external event), independent of their sensitivity to the spatial location of that person’s attentional focus. On the empirical front, I present new evidence supporting the hypothesis that social cognition involves the predictive modeling of other’s attentional states. In particular, a series of experiments showed that observers are sensitive to someone else’s attention control and that this sensitivity occurs through an implicit kinematic process linked to social aptitude. In conclusion, I bring these contributions together. I do this by offering an interpretation of the empirical findings through the lens of the theoretical framework, by discussing several limitations of the present work, and by pointing to several questions that emerge from the new findings, thereby outlining avenues for future research on social cognition.
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When two heads are better than one: The independent versus interactive benefits of collaborative cognition (2014)
Previous research has shown that two heads working together can outperform one working alone, but whether such benefits result from social interaction or the statistical facilitation of independent performance is not clear. Here I apply Miller’s (1982; Ulrich, Miller & Schröter, 2007) race model inequality (RMI) model to distinguish between these two possibilities. This model was developed to test whether response times to two signals compared to one were especially fast because the observer could detect a signal in either of two ways (i.e., separate activation models) or because both signals contributed to a common pool of activation (i.e., coactivation models). I explored the independent versus interactive benefits of social collaboration in four experiments. In a first experiment I replicated Miller’s classic finding that coactivation underlies the faster responses to two targets than one during simple visual search by a single individual. However I found that two-person team performance was no faster than the performance of two independent individuals. Reasoning that the division of the cognitive load between collaborators was important to achieving collaborative performance gains, I employed a more complex enumeration visual search task in three subsequent experiments. With this task I found that performance by two-person teams exceeded the fastest possible performance of two independent individuals. This violated Miller’s RMI and indicated that interpersonal interaction produced the collaborative cognition performance gains. I then linked the magnitude of these collaborative gains to features of the interpersonal interaction between team members, including verbal communication, affiliation, and non-verbal communication such as posture, gesture, and body movement. Together these experiments serve as an important proof of concept that Miller’s RMI can be applied to differentiate between the independent and interactive benefits of collaborative cognition. In addition they demonstrate that the interactive benefits of collaborative cognition are influenced by features of the social interaction between collaborators.
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Synaesthesia and learning - A bidirectional relationship (2013)
I present new evidence about the relationships between learning and synaesthesia, particularly grapheme-colour synaesthesia, in which individuals experience letters and numbers as coloured. As part of the largest survey of synaesthetic tendencies ever performed, I show that second language acquisition can act as a trigger for the development of synaesthesia, such that children who learn a second language in grade school are three times more likely to develop synaesthesia as native bilinguals. I also demonstrate that previous reports of a sex bias in synaesthesia are almost certainly due to response and compliance biases, rather than any real differences in the prevalence of synaesthesia between men and women. In a detailed examination of the influences of learning on synaesthetic experiences, I show that synaesthetic colours are influenced by knowledge about letters’ shapes, frequencies, alphabetical order, phonology, and categorical qualities. Finally, I demonstrate that synaesthesia can itself be exploited in learning. All these results are presented as supporting a developmental learning hypothesis of synaesthesia, in which synaesthesia develops, at least in part, because it is useful.
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Attentional spatial selection and identity extraction are separable cognitive processes (2009)
While searching for objects in a cluttered environment, observers confront two tasks: selecting where to search, and identifying the targets. Chapter 1 reviews major theories of visual search, and highlights their approaches to these two functions. While anatomical, neurological, and behavioural evidence suggests dissociation between spatial selection and identity extraction, there is a vast controversy about this issue among visual-search accounts. This review demonstrates that none of these theories has adopted the right tool to independently manipulate the two functions. A new methodology is suggested in which the two functions are manipulated independently using spatial cueing to manipulate localization, and the attentional blink – AB - to manipulate identification (AB: impaired identification of the second of two briefly-displayed sequential targets). In examining the separability of spatial selection and identity extraction, additive-factors logic is adopted: if two factors (here: spatial cueing and AB) influence independent stages of processing, they will have additive effects on the dependent measure. Conversely, whenever additivity occurs, the underlying mechanisms can be assumed to be independent. Experiments in Chapter 2 show that cueing and the AB have additive effects, confirming the hypothesis that the two functions are separable. The results are accounted for by relating them to two major parallel pathways in the visual system: the dorsal and ventral pathways. Based on the characteristics of each pathway, it is plausible to assume that spatial cues (indexing spatial selection) are processed along the dorsal pathway while identification is processed along the ventral pathway. The two functions are therefore separable because they are mediated by mechanisms that are anatomically and functionally distinct.The experiment in Chapter 3 was designed to address contrary evidence regarding the separability of location and identity processing. It shows that those results were due to a procedural, artefactual ceiling. In Chapter 4, a prediction is tested based on the interpretation of results in the first study: if cueing involves both the dorsal and ventral pathways it should interfere with the AB; the results support this prediction. Chapter 5 discusses how these results collectively support the separability of spatial and identity processing, and also discusses future directions.
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Tracking attention in space and time : the dynamics of human visual attention (2009)
Attention is essential to everyday life: without some selective function to guide and limit the processing of incoming information, our visual system would be overwhelmed. A description of the spatiotemporal dynamics of attention is critical to our understanding of this basic human cognitive function and is the primary goal of this dissertation. In particular, the research reported here is aimed at examining two aspects of the spatiotemporal dynamics of attention: a) the rate at which the focus of attention is shrunk and expanded along with the factors that influence this rate, and b) the factorsgoverning whether attention is deployed as either a unitary or a divided focus. The present research examines the spatiotemporal dynamics of focal attention by monitoring the pattern of accuracy that occurs when participants attempt to identify two targets embedded in simultaneously presented streams of items. By asking participants to monitor these streams simultaneously, with the spatial and temporal positions of the two targets in the streams being varied incrementally, it is possible to index the extent of focal attention in both space and time. Chapter 2 develops this behavioural procedure and assesses the rate at which the focus of attention is contracted. A qualitative model is put forward and tested. Chapter 3 examines factors that modulate the temporal course of attentional narrowing in young adults who presumably can exercise efficient control of attentional processes. In contrast, Chapter 4 examines the effect of reduced attentional control by examining the same process in older adults. The second goal of this thesis was to examine whether focal attention is deployed as a unitary or a divided focus. These two perspectives are generally viewed as mutually exclusive. The alternative hypothesis pursued in Chapter 5 is that focal attention can be deployed as either a single, unitary focus or divided into multiple foci, depending on the observers mental set and on the task demands. The final chapter then combines and compares the findings across all experiments and evaluates how they fit in with current theories of visual attention.
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Master's Student Supervision
Theses completed in 2010 or later are listed below. Please note that there is a 6-12 month delay to add the latest theses.
Are you looking at me? An objective state of mind reduces sensitivity to other's emotional expressions (2021)
An objective state of mind refers to a mental state in which people perceive themselves as the object of another’s observation. Previous research has shown that this state affects people’s metacognitive process, emotional experience, and social behavior. An objective mental state often arises during everyday social interaction, but few studies have investigated how it influences one’s social perception during an encounter. Here we examine how the perception of others’ emotion is influenced by triggering an objective state of mind. We developed an online experiment using webcams, questions, and pre-programmed conversations to manipulate participants’ mental states. We then measured their accuracy in reading the emotional expressions of people they believed they were interacting with. Three conditions were compared. In the Evaluated condition, participants were asked to classify the emotional expressions of two study assistants, after being informed that one of the assistants might select them as a partner in a competitive game. In the Evaluating condition, different participants classified the emotional expressions of the same assistants, but this time believing that they would be able to select one assistant as a game partner. In the Neutral condition, the same emotion classification task was performed, but participants were not given any other instructions. The results showed that participants in the Evaluated condition were significantly less accurate in classifying emotions than in the other two conditions. We interpret this finding as supporting the view that an objective mental state reduces the ability to read other’s emotional cues. We discuss possible mechanisms by which this may occur, including increased stress, divided attention, and the role of latent imitation in forming empathy for others.
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Tracking the closed eye by calibrating electrooculography with pupil-corneal reflection (2020)
Electrooculography (EOG) offers several advantages over other methods for tracking human eye movements, including its low cost and capability of monitoring gaze position when the eyelids are closed. Yet, EOG poses its own challenges, because in order to determine saccadic distance and direction, the electrical potentials measured by EOG must be calibrated in some way with physical distance. Moreover, the EOG signal is highly susceptible to noise and artifacts arising from a variety of sources (e.g., activity of the extraocular muscles). Here we describe a method for estimating a corrected EOG signal by simultaneously tracking gaze position with an industry standard pupil-corneal reflection (PCR) system. We first compared the two measurements with the eyes open under two conditions of full illumination and in a third condition of complete darkness. Compared to the PCR signal, the EOG signal was less precise and tended to overestimate saccadic amplitude. We harnessed the relation between the two signals in the dark condition in order to estimate a corrected EOG-based metric of saccade end-point amplitude in a fourth condition, where the participants eyes were closed. We propose that these methods and results can be applied to human-machine interfaces that rely on EOG eye tracking, and for advancing research in sleep, visual imagery, and other situations in which participants’ eyes are moving but closed.
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Ensemble perception of multiple spatially intermixed sets (2016)
The visual system is remarkably efficient at extracting summary statistics from the environment. Yet at any given time, the environment consists of many groups of objects distributed over space. Thus, the challenge for the visual system is to summarize over multiple sets distributed across space. My thesis work investigates the capacity constraints and computational efficiency of ensemble perception, in the context of perceiving multiple spatially intermixed groups of objects. First, in three experiments, participants viewed an array of 1 to 8 intermixed sets of circles. Each set contained four circles in the same colors but with different sizes. Participants estimated the mean size of a probed set. Which set would be probed was either known before onset of the array (pre-cue), or after that (post-cue). Fitting a uniform-normal mixture model to the error distribution, I found participants could reliably estimate mean sizes for maximally four sets (Experiment 1). Importantly, their performance was unlikely to be driven by a subsampling strategy (Experiment 2). Allowing longer exposure to the stimulus array did not increase the capacity, suggesting ensemble perception was limited by an internal resource constraint, rather than an information encoding rate (Experiment 3). Second, in two experiments, I showed that the visual system could hold up to four ensemble representations, or up to four individual items (Experiment 4), and an ensemble representation had an information uncertainty (entropy) level similar to that of an individual representation (Experiment 5). Taken together, ensemble perception provides a compact and efficient way of information processing.
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Performance of impressionist visualizations on measures of memorability and trend identification (2015)
Experimental aesthetics, one of the oldest branches of research psychology, empirically examines what elements of an image associate with beauty and preference. Drawing on this research the current paper hypothesizes that by applying the painterly techniques of impressionist era artists a modern applied problem of information visualization may be addressed, namely how to create effective and aesthetically pleasing depictions of data. To do so a series of weather maps obtained from the International Panel of Climate Change were rendered into four data visualization styles: industry standard glyphs, and three impressionism inspired styles titled interpretational complexity, indication and detail, and visual complexity. Two separate experiments were then conducted, each aimed at testing a key feature of effective data visualization, image recognition and the ability to communicate data trends. The first experiment found visual complexity visualizations to be comparable to glyphs on a new-old recognition task, and better than the styles interpretational complexity, and indication and detail. The second experiment found that visual complexity visualizations were more effective than glyphs at depicting and communicating data trends to the viewer. Incidental eye tracking data during both experiments suggests that impressionist visualizations were more engaging and aesthetically pleasing than glyphs as evident by a higher fixation count and greater pupil dilation. Individually experiments 1 and 2 demonstrate that the painterly techniques of visual complexity may be applied to create highly recognizable and communicative data visualizations. Collectively the two experiments support the broader hypothesis that by modelling the knowledge and expertise of artists we may create aesthetically pleasing and functional depictions of data. Following these results the thesis concludes with a discussion of future research and potential limitations, and how the present results relate to aesthetics research more broadly.
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Take a hike! The cognitive effects of exposure to natural and urban environments (2015)
The purpose of this study was to investigate links between attention restoration theory and executive function. A series of four experiments, each using a pre- versus post-test design, studied the influence of various interventions on executive function, as assessed by a backward digit span task and Raven’s progressive matrices. Experiment 1 began by testing the influence of cognitive strategy as manipulated through task instructions. Experiment 2 tested the influence of viewing slides of nature versus urban scenes, as predicted by attention restoration theory (Berman, et al., 2008). Experiment 3 repeated these procedures, using more engaging 10-min video tours of nature versus urban environments. Experiment 4 combined the successful instructional manipulations of Experiment 1 and the video manipulation of Experiment 3 to examine interactions between strategy and environment on executive function. The results showed that the nature video intervention reduced the influence of task instructions relative to the urban intervention. This supports Berman et al. (2008), who claim that exposure to nature has a restorative influence on executive function.
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Motion enhances or reduces target visibility, depending on prediction and postdiction of shape (2011)
Motion masking refers to the finding that objects are less visible when they appear as part of an apparent motion sequence than when they appear for the same duration in isolation. Against this backdrop of generally impaired visibility, there are reports of a relative visibility benefit when a target on the motion path is spatiotemporally predictable versus when it is unpredictable. The present study investigates whether prediction based on the shape of the originating stimulus in the motion sequence, and postdiction based on the terminating shape, is an aid to the visibility of a target in motion. In Experiment 1 these factors are examined separately for originating and terminating stimuli; in Experiment 2 they are examined in combination. The results show that both factors influence target discriminability in an additive way, suggesting that the processes of prediction and postdiction have independent influences on visibility. Experiment 3 examines the same display sequences with a different psychophysical task (i.e., detection) in an effort to reconcile the present findings with previous contradictory results. The upshot is that in contrast to the results for discrimination, target detection is influenced little by these factors. Experiments 4 and 5 examine the discrimination of a fine shape detail of the target, in contrast to the crude discrimination of target orientation in Experiments 1 and 2. This design also eliminates the opportunity for decision-biases to influence the results. The results show that predictable motion has a strong positive influence on target shape discrimination, to the extent that it makes a backward-masked target even more visible than when it appears in isolation. These findings are related to the empirical literature on visual masking and interpreted within the theoretical framework of object updating.
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Person perception informs understanding of cognition during visual search (2010)
Does person perception – the impressions we form from watching others’ behavior – hold clues to the mental states of people engaged in cognitive tasks? We investigate this with a two-phase method: in Phase 1 participants search on a computer screen (Experiment 1) or in an office (Experiment 2); in Phase 2 other participants rate their video-recorded behavior. We find ratings are sensitive to stable traits (search ability), temporary states (cognitive strategy), and environment (task difficulty). We also find that the visible behaviors critical to success vary between settings (e.g., eye movements are important in search on computer screens; head movements for search in an office). Positive emotions are linked to search success in both settings. These findings demonstrate that person perception can inform cognition beyond traditional measures of performance, and as such, offer great potential for studying cognition in natural settings with measures that are both rich and relatively unobtrusive.
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Publications
- The Comprehensive Autistic Trait Inventory (CATI) (2021)
Molecular Autism, - Action coordination during a real-world task: Evidence from children with and without autism spectrum disorder (2020)
Development and Psychopathology, - Neural dynamics of the attentional blink revealed by encoding orientation selectivity during rapid visual presentation (2020)
Nature Communications, 11 (1) - Reduced perceptual narrowing in synesthesia (2020)
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 117 (18), 10089-10096 - Corrigendum: Positive effects of nature on cognitive performance across multiple experiments: Test order but not affect modulates the cognitive effects (Front. Psychol., (2019), 10, 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01413) (2019)
Frontiers in Psychology, 10 (OCT) - Positive effects of nature on cognitive performance across multiple experiments: Test order but not affect modulates the cognitive effects (2019)
Frontiers in Psychology, 10 (JUL) - Superstitious Perception: Comparing Perceptual Prediction by Humans and Neural Networks (2019)
Current Topics in Behavioral Neurosciences, 41, 213-243 - The exogenous and endogenous control of attentional focusing (2019)
Psychological Research, 83 (5), 989-1006 - Visuomotor adaptation in the absence of input from early visual cortex (2019)
Cortex, 115, 201-215 - Cognitive strategies and natural environments interact in influencing executive function (2018)
Frontiers in Psychology, 9 (JUL) - Impressionism-Inspired Data Visualizations Are Both Functional and Liked (2018)
Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts, - Predictive joint-action model: A hierarchical predictive approach to human cooperation (2018)
Psychonomic Bulletin and Review, 25 (5), 1751-1769 - The left hand disrupts subsequent right hand grasping when their actions overlap (2018)
Acta Psychologica, 188, 131-138 - The Sander parallelogram illusion dissociates action and perception despite control for the litany of past confounds (2018)
Cortex, 98, 163-176 - Alpha, beta: The rhythm of the attentional blink (2017)
Psychonomic Bulletin and Review, 24 (6), 1862-1869 - Attention in action and perception: Unitary or separate mechanisms of selectivity? (2017)
Progress in Brain Research, 236, 25-52 - Fixations are not all created equal: An objection to mindless visual search (2017)
The Behavioral and brain sciences, 40, e138 - Lifespan changes in attention revisited: Everyday visual search (2017)
Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology, 71 (2), 160-171 - Linking Contemporary Research to the Classics: Celebrating 125 Years at APA (2017)
Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 43 (10), 1695-1700 - Teams on the same wavelength perform better: Inter-brain phase synchronization constitutes a neural substrate for social facilitation (2017)
NeuroImage, 152, 425-436 - The prevalence of synaesthesia depends on early language learning (2017)
Consciousness and Cognition, 48, 212-231 - Training and the attentional blink: Raising the ceiling does not remove the limits (2017)
Attention, Perception, and Psychophysics, 79 (8), 2257-2274 - But is it social? How to tell when groups are more than the sum of their members (2016)
The Behavioral and brain sciences, 39, e142 - Depth perception (2016)
The Curated Reference Collection in Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Psychology, , 690-696 - Humans are sensitive to attention control when predicting others' actions (2016)
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 113 (31), 8669-8674 - Mine in motion: How physical actions impact the psychological sense of object ownership (2016)
Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 42 (3), 375-385 - Rapid decrement in the effects of the Ponzo display dissociates action and perception (2016)
Psychonomic Bulletin and Review, 23 (4), 1157-1163 - The Quiet Eye in life and lab – comment on Vickers (2016)
Current Issues in Sports Science, - Separating value from selection frequency in rapid reaching biases to visual targets (2015)
Visual Cognition, 23 (1-2), 249-271 - Temporal cues derived from statistical patterns can overcome resource limitations in the attentional blink (2015)
Attention, Perception, and Psychophysics, 77 (5), 1585-1595 - The Changing Face of Attentional Development (2015)
Current Directions in Psychological Science, 24 (1), 24-31 - The snooze of lose: Rapid reaching reveals that losses are processed more slowly than gains (2015)
Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 144 (4), 844-863 - Visual attention and emotion: Studying influence on a two-way street (2015)
The Cambridge Handbook of Applied Perception Research, , 175-198 - What's in a friendship? Partner visibility supports cognitive collaboration between friends (2015)
PLoS ONE, 10 (11) - When two heads are better than one: Interactive versus independent benefits of collaborative cognition (2015)
Psychonomic Bulletin and Review, 22 (4), 1076-1082 - Apparent motion can impair and enhance target visibility: the role of shape in predicting and postdicting object continuity (2014)
Frontiers in Psychology, - Complexities in understanding attentional functioning among children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (2014)
Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 8 (MAR) - Highlighting interventions and user differences: Informing adaptive information visualization support (2014)
Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems - Proceedings, , 1835-1844 - Long-term memory representations influence perception before edges are assigned to objects (2014)
Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 143 (2), 566-574 - Synesthesia and learning: A critical review and novel theory (2014)
Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 8 (1 FEB) - Temporal cues and the attentional blink: A further examination of the role of expectancy in sequential object perception (2014)
Attention, Perception, and Psychophysics, 76 (8), 2212-2220 - The flexible focus: Whether spatial attention is unitary or divided depends on observer goals (2014)
Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 40 (2), 465-470 - The interaction between stimulus-driven and goal-driven orienting as revealed by eye movements (2014)
Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 40 (1), 378-390 - Cross-modal prediction in speech depends on prior linguistic experience (2013)
Experimental Brain Research, 225 (4), 499-511 - Following the masters: Portrait viewing and appreciation is guided by selective detail (2013)
Perception, 42 (6), 608-630 - Human perception: A science of synergy (2013)
Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology, 67 (4), 238-247 - Isolating shape from semantics in haptic-visual priming (2013)
Experimental Brain Research, 227 (3), 311-322 - On the time course of attentional focusing in older adults (2013)
Psychological Research, , 1-14 - The role of clarity and blur in guiding visual attention in photographs (2013)
Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 39 (2), 568-578 - Unconscious and out of control: Subliminal priming is insensitive to observer expectations (2013)
Consciousness and Cognition, 22 (3), 716-728 - Attention and visual memory in visualization and computer graphics (2012)
IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics, 18 (7), 1170-1188 - Cognitive Neuroscience, Development, and Psychopathology: Integrating Perspective on Typical and Atypical Trajectories of Attention (2012)
Cognitive Neuroscience, Development, and Psychopathology: Typical and Atypical Developmental Trajectories of Attention, - Editorial (2012)
Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 38 (1), 1-2 - Four Modes of Selection (2012)
Lifespan Cognition: Mechanisms of Change, - Grapheme-color synaesthesia benefits rule-based Category learning (2012)
Consciousness and Cognition, 21 (3), 1533-1540 - How fleeting emotions affect hazard perception and steering while driving: The impact of image arousal and valence (2012)
Accident Analysis and Prevention, 45, 222-229 - Preface (2012)
Cognitive Neuroscience, Development, and Psychopathology: Typical and Atypical Developmental Trajectories of Attention, - Second-order mappings in grapheme-color synesthesia (2012)
Psychonomic Bulletin and Review, 19 (2), 211-217 - Understanding the Development of Attention in Persons with Intellectual Disability: Challenging the Myths (2012)
The Oxford Handbook of Intellectual Disability and Development, - Cross-modal prediction in speech perception (2011)
PLoS ONE, 6 (10) - Person perception informs understanding of cognition during visual search (2011)
Attention, Perception, and Psychophysics, 73 (6), 1672-1693 - Rapid resumption of interrupted search is independent of age-related improvements in visual search (2011)
Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 109 (1), 58-72 - Turning the attentional blink on and off: Opposing effects of spatial and temporal noise (2011)
Psychonomic Bulletin and Review, 18 (2), 295-301 - Erratum: Are spatial selection and identity extraction separable when attention is controlled endogenously? (Attention, Perception, and Psychophysics (2009) 71:6 (1233-1240)) (2010)
Attention, Perception, and Psychophysics, 72 (1) - Looking versus seeing: Strategies alter eye movements during visual search (2010)
Psychonomic Bulletin and Review, 17 (4), 543-549 - Object Trimming: When Masking Dots Alter Rather Than Replace Target Representations (2010)
Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 36 (1), 88-102 - Object updating: A force for perceptual continuity and scene stability in human vision (2010)
Space and Time in Perception and Action, , 503-520 - Rembrandt's textural agency: A shared perspective in visual art and science (2010)
Leonardo, 43 (2), 145-151 - Space–time and awareness (2010)
Space and Time in Perception and Action, - Spatial selection and target identification are separable processes in visual search (2010)
Journal of Vision, 10 (3), 1-12 - The role of temporal synchrony in perceptual object formation and updating (2010)
Visual Cognition, 18 (8), 1179-1213 - Are spatial selection and identity extraction separable when attention is controlled endogenously? (2009)
Attention, Perception, and Psychophysics, 71 (6), 1233-1240 - Attentional limits and freedom in visually guided action (2009)
Progress in Brain Research, 176, 215-226 - Change detection in naturalistic pictures among children with autism (2009)
Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 39 (3), 471-479 - Electrophysiological evidence for a post-perceptual influence of global visual context on perceived orientation (2009)
Brain Research, 1292, 82-92 - Focused spatial attention is independent of rapid resumption of an interrupted search (2009)
Attention, Perception, and Psychophysics, 71 (3), 565-577 - Selection Difficulty and Interitem Competition Are Independent Factors in Rapid Visual Stream Perception (2009)
Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 35 (1), 146-158 - Spatial cuing does not affect the magnitude of the attentional blink (2009)
Attention, Perception, and Psychophysics, 71 (5), 989-993 - The Bicycle Illusion: Sidewalk Science Informs the Integration of Motion and Shape Perception (2009)
Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 35 (1), 133-145 - The hand's automatic pilot can update visual information while the eye is in motion (2009)
Experimental Brain Research, 195 (3), 445-454 - The modulation of visual orienting reflexes across the lifespan (2009)
Developmental Science, 12 (5), 715-724 - Visual Experience and Immediate Memory (2009)
Encyclopedia of Consciousness, , 435-443 - When do we know which way is up? The time course of orientation perception (2009)
Vision Research, 49 (1), 28-37 - Attention for perception and action: Task interference for action planning, but not for online control (2008)
Experimental Brain Research, 185 (4), 709-717 - Emotional valence and arousal interact in attentional control: Research article (2008)
Psychological Science, 19 (3), 290-295 - Evidence against a speed limit in multiple-object tracking (2008)
Psychonomic Bulletin and Review, 15 (4), 802-808 - Objects on a collision path with the observer demand attention: Research article (2008)
Psychological Science, 19 (7), 686-692 - What's next? New evidence for prediction in human vision (2008)
Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 12 (9), 327-333 - A negative compatibility effect in priming of emotional faces (2007)
Psychonomic Bulletin and Review, 14 (5), 908-912 - Consequences of display changes during interrupted visual search: Rapid resumption is target specific (2007)
Perception and Psychophysics, 69 (6), 980-993 - Differences in visual orienting between persons with Down or fragile X syndrome (2007)
Brain and Cognition, 65 (1), 128-134 - Dual-target interference for the 'automatic pilot' in the dorsal stream (2007)
Experimental Brain Research, 181 (2), 297-305 - Engaging viewers through nonphotorealistic visualizations (2007)
NPAR Symposium on Non-Photorealistic Animation and Rendering, , 93-102 - How Many Locations Can Be Selected at Once? (2007)
Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 33 (5), 1003-1012 - In sight, out of mind: The role of eye movements in the rapid resumption of visual search (2007)
Perception and Psychophysics, 69 (7), 1204-1217 - On-line control of pointing is modified by unseen visual shapes (2007)
Consciousness and Cognition, 16 (2), 265-275 - The path of least persistence: Object status mediates visual updating (2007)
Vision Research, 47 (12), 1624-1630 - Visual similarity in masking and priming: The critical role of task relevance (2007)
Advances in Cognitive Psychology, 3 (1-2), 211-226 - Facial actions as visual cues for personality (2006)
Computer Animation and Virtual Worlds, 17 (3-4), 371-382 - Global-local visual processing in high functioning children with autism: Structural vs. implicit task biases (2006)
Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 36 (1), 117-129 - How much like a target can a mask be? Geometric, spatial, and temporal similarity in priming: A reply to Schlaghecken and Eimer (2006) (2006)
Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 135 (3), 495-500 - New reflections on visual search interitem symmetry matters! (2006)
Psychological Science, 17 (6), 535-542 - No automatic pilot for visually guided aiming based on colour (2006)
Experimental Brain Research, 171 (2), 174-183 - Observer pitch and roll influence: The rod and frame illusion (2006)
Psychonomic Bulletin and Review, 13 (1), 160-165 - Relax! Cognitive strategy influences visual search (2006)
Visual Cognition, 14 (4-8), 543-564 - Socially communicative characters for interactive applications (2006)
14th International Conference in Central Europe on Computer Graphics, Visualization and Computer Vision 2006, WSCG'2006 - In Co-operation with EUROGRAPHICS, Full Papers Proceedings, , 287-294 - The attentional blink is not a unitary phenomenon (2006)
Psychological Research, 70 (6), 405-413 - The development of change detection (2006)
Developmental Science, 9 (5), 490-497 - The illusion of clarity: Image segmentation and edge attribution without filling-in (2006)
Visual Cognition, 14 (1), 1-36 - Multiple-object tracking is based on scene, not retinal, coordinates (2005)
Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 31 (2), 235-247 - Object substitution and its relation to other forms of visual masking: Reply to James Enns (multiple letters) (2005)
Vision Research, 45 (3), 381-389 - Rapid resumption of interrupted visual search new insights on the interaction between vision and memory (2005)
Psychological Science, 16 (9), 684-688 - The attentional blink: Resource depletion or temporary loss of control? (2005)
Psychological Research, 69 (3), 191-200 - The edge complex: Implicit memory for figure assignment in shape perception (2005)
Perception and Psychophysics, 67 (4), 727-740 - Unique temporal change is the key to attentional capture (2005)
Psychological Science, 16 (12), 979-986 - Updating a cautionary tale of masked priming: Reply to Klapp (2005) (2005)
Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 134 (3), 436-440 - Visual letter matching: Hemispheric functioning or scanning biases? (2005)
Neuropsychologia, 43 (10), 1412-1428 - Voluntary orienting among children and adolescents with down syndrome and MA-matched typically developing children (2005)
American Journal on Mental Retardation, 110 (3) - What the hand can't tell the eye: Illusion of space constancy during accurate pointing (2005)
Experimental Brain Research, 162 (1), 109-114 - Decoupling stimulus duration from brightness in metacontrast masking: Data and models (2004)
Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 30 (4), 733-745 - Hemisphere differences in conscious and unconscious word reading (2004)
Consciousness and Cognition, 13 (3), 550-564 - Influence of inter-item symmetry in visual search (2004)
Spatial Vision, 17 (4-5), 443-464 - Mislocalizations of touch to a fake hand (2004)
Cognitive, Affective and Behavioral Neuroscience, 4 (2), 170-181 - Negative compatibility or object updating? A cautionary tale of mask-dependent priming (2004)
Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 133 (4), 475-493 - Object substitution and its relation to other forms of visual masking (2004)
Vision Research, 44 (12), 1321-1331 - Object updating and the flash-lag effect (2004)
Psychological Science, 15 (12), 866-871 - Paying attention behind the wheel: A framework for studying the role of attention in driving (2004)
Theoretical Issues in Ergonomics Science, 5 (5), 385-424 - Perceptually based brush strokes for nonphotorealistic visualization (2004)
ACM Transactions on Graphics, 23 (1), 64-96 - Change detection in an attended face depends on the expectation of the observer (2003)
Journal of Vision, 3 (1), 64-74 - Locally oriented perception with intact global processing among adolescents with high-functioning autism: Evidence from multiple paradigms (2003)
Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 44 (6), 904-913 - Multiple object tracking is scene-based, not image-based (2003)
Journal of Vision, 3 (9) - Negative compatibility in masking: Unconscious inhibition or new feature priming? (2003)
Journal of Vision, 3 (9) - Symmetry relations influence target-distractor comparison in visual search (2003)
Journal of Vision, 3 (9) - Target detection and localization in visual search: A dual systems perspective (2003)
Perception and Psychophysics, 65 (5), 678-694 - Task switching mediates the attentional blink even without backward masking (2003)
Perception and Psychophysics, 65 (3), 339-351 - Task-set is vulnerable to exogenous resetting during target identification (2003)
Journal of Vision, 3 (9) - Illusory feature in the standing wave illusion (2002)
Journal of Vision, 2 (7) - Memory for an edge includes figure and ground assignment (2002)
Journal of Vision, 2 (7) - Object substitution without reentry? (2002)
Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 131 (4), 594-596 - Perception and painting: A search for effective, engaging visualizations (2002)
IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications, 22 (2), 10-15 - Visual binding in the standing wave illusion (2002)
Psychonomic Bulletin and Review, 9 (3), 489-496 - Visual orienting in college athletes: Explorations of athlete type and gender (2002)
Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 73 (2), 156-167 - What competition? (2002)
Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 6 (3), 118-119 - 5 An object substitution theory of visual masking (2001)
Advances in Psychology, 130 (C), 121-143 - Attentional Requirements in Visual Detection and Identification: Evidence from the Attentional Blink (2001)
Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 27 (4), 969-984 - New objects dominate luminance transients in setting attentional priority (2001)
Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 27 (6), 1287-1302 - The role of attention in temporal integration (2001)
Perception, 30 (2), 135-145 - Visual awareness and the on-line modification of action (2001)
Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology, 55 (2), 104-110 - Age differences in visual search for compound patterns: long- versus short-range grouping. (2000)
Developmental psychology, 36 (6), 731-740 - Change detection: Paying attention to detail (2000)
Psyche, 6 - Competition for consciousness among visual events: The psychophysics of reentrant visual processes (2000)
Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 129 (4), 481-507 - Competition-induced visual field differences in search (2000)
Psychological Science, 11 (5), 386-393 - Response latencies to the onset and offset of visual stimuli (2000)
Perception and Psychophysics, 62 (1), 218-225 - The Orthogenetic Principle in the Perception of "Forests" and "Trees"? (2000)
Journal of Adult Development, 7 (1), 41-48 - What's new in visual masking? (2000)
Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 4 (9), 345-352 - Large datasets at a glance: combining textures and colors in scientific visualization (1999)
IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics, 5 (2), 145-167 - The duration of a brief event in the mind's eye (1999)
Journal of General Psychology, 126 (4), 355-372 - Visual masking plays two roles in the attentional blink (1999)
Perception and Psychophysics, 61 (7), 1436-1448 - Building perceptual textures to visualize multidimensional datasets (1998)
Proceedings of the IEEE Visualization Conference, , 111-118 - Early completion of occluded objects (1998)
Vision Research, 38 (15-16), 2489-2505 - Lifespan changes in attention: The visual search task (1998)
Cognitive Development, 13 (3), 369-386 - Chapter 7 Hemispheric coordination of spatial attention (1997)
Advances in Psychology, 123 (C), 197-231 - Clusters precede shapes in perceptual organization (1997)
Psychological Science, 8 (2), 124-129 - Covert visual orienting across the lifespan (1997)
Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology, 51 (1), 20-35 - Measuring preattentive processes: When is pop-out not enough? (1997)
Visual Cognition, 4 (2), 163-198 - Object substitution: A New Form of Masking in Unattended Visual Locations (1997)
Psychological Science, 8 (2), 135-139 - Separate influences of orientation and lighting in the inverted-face effect (1997)
Perception and Psychophysics, 59 (1), 23-31 - Shape Completion Time Depends on the Size of the Occluded Region (1997)
Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 23 (4), 980-998 - Visual Attentional Orienting in Developing Hockey Players (1997)
Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 64 (2), 255-275 - Life span changes in visual enumeration: The number discrimination task (1996)
Developmental Psychology, 32 (5), 925-932 - Pictorial depth and framing have independent effects on the horizontal-vertical illusion (1996)
Perception, 25 (8), 921-926 - Temporal integration requires attention (1996)
Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science, 37 (3) - Visual Search for Size Is Influenced by a Background Texture Gradient (1996)
Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 22 (6), 1467-1481 - Access to global and local properties in visual search for compound stimuli (1995)
Psychological Science, 6 (5), 283-291 - GUIDED VISUAL SEARCH IS A LEFT‐HEMISPHERE PROCESS IN SPLIT‐BRAIN PATIENTS (1995)
Psychological Science, 6 (2), 118-121 - Preemption effects in visual search: Evidence for low-level grouping (1995)
Psychological Review, 102 (1), 101-130 - Search for letter identity and location by disabled readers. (1995)
Canadian journal of experimental psychology = Revue canadienne de psychologie expérimentale, 49 (3), 357-367 - The box alignment illusion: An orientation illusion induced by pictorial depth (1995)
Perception & Psychophysics, 57 (8), 1163-1174 - Visualizing Real-Time Multivariate Data Using Preattentive Processing (1995)
ACM Transactions on Modeling and Computer Simulation (TOMACS), 5 (3), 190-221 - The development of selective attention: A life-span overview (1994)
Acta Psychologica, 86 (2-3), 227-272 - Harnessing preattentive processes for multivariate data visualization (1993)
Proceedings - Graphics Interface, , 107-117 - Size contrast as a function of conceptual similarity between test and inducers (1993)
Perception & Psychophysics, 54 (5), 579-588 - Sensitivity of early human vision to 3-D orientation in line-drawings. (1992)
Canadian journal of psychology, 46 (2), 143-169 - Structure and Process in Perceptual Organization, R. Kimchi & M. Goldsmith (1992)
Advances in Psychology, 93 (C), 106-108 - The Nature of Selectivity in Early Human Vision (1992)
Advances in Psychology, 93 (C), 39-74 - Visual search for direction of shading is influenced by apparent depth (1992)
Perception & Psychophysics, 52 (1), 63-74 - Preattentive recovery of three-dimensional orientation from line drawings (1991)
Psychological Review, 98 (3), 335-351 - VSearch Color: Full-color visual search experiments on the Macintosh II (1991)
Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers, 23 (2), 265-272 - Components of Line-Drawing Interpretation: A Developmental Study (1990)
Developmental Psychology, 26 (3), 469-479 - Influence of scene-based properties on visual search (1990)
Science, 247 (4943), 721-723 - Relations between Components of Visual Attention (1990)
Advances in Psychology, 69 (C), 139-158 - Sensitivity to Three-Dimensional Orientation in Visual Search (1990)
Psychological Science, 1 (5), 323-326 - VSearch: Macintosh software for experiments in visual search (1990)
Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers, 22 (2), 118-122 - A developmental study of covert orienting to peripheral visual cues (1989)
Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 48 (2), 171-189 - A developmental study of filtering in visual attention. (1989)
Child development, 60 (5), 1188-1199 - Relations between convert orienting and filtering in the development of visual attention (1989)
Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 48 (2), 315-334 - Three-dimensionality and discriminability in the object-superiority effect (1988)
Perception & Psychophysics, 44 (3), 243-256 - A Developmental Look at Pattern Symmetry in Perception and Memory (1987)
Developmental Psychology, 23 (6), 839-850 - da Vinci's window facilitates drawings of total and partial occlusion in young children (1987)
Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 44 (2), 222-235 - Selective attention in young children: The relations between visual search, filtering, and priming (1987)
Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 44 (1), 38-63 - A Developmental Study of Shape Integration Over Space and Time (1986)
Developmental Psychology, 22 (4), 491-499 - Seeing textons in context (1986)
Perception & Psychophysics, 39 (2), 143-147 - Developmental changes in selective and integrative visual attention (1985)
Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 40 (2), 319-337 - Perceptual Grouping and Spatial Distortion. A Developmental Study (1985)
Developmental Psychology, 21 (2), 241-246 - The role of redundancy in the object-line effect (1984)
Perception & Psychophysics, 35 (1), 22-32
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